4. Cymbeline, by William Shakespeare, pp. 78-121

Act III 

Scene I

Accompanied by the Queen and Cloten, Cymbeline meets with Caius Lucius, the emissary from Augustus Caesar, about the demand for tribute. Lucius's message is that when Julius Caesar defeated Cymbeline's uncle, Cassibelan, Rome was promised an annual tribute of three thousand pounds, but that Cymbeline has neglected to pay it. The Queen and Cloten chime in to say that Cymbeline has been quite right in withholding the payment, with the Queen voicing some British pride in being an island nation and claiming that Julius Caesar never really conquered the isles.

Cloten keeps breaking in to babble jingoist boasts as well, though Cymbeline urges him to let his mother to the talking. Finally, Cymbeline says that since Mulmutius established the laws of Britain and made himself king, they recognize no authority that Rome has over the country. This leaves Lucius with no recourse but to pronounce a state of war between Rome and Britain. So be it, replies Cymbeline, and cordially invites Lucius to stay a day or two longer before going back to Rome with his reply.

Scene II

Pisanio enters reading a letter from Posthumus and exclaiming in astonishment at the charge that Imogen has been unfaithful, and even more at his master's command that Pisanio should murder her. When Imogen enters, he decides not to reveal what is in his letter -- "I am ignorant in what I am commanded" -- but to give her the letter that Posthumus has addressed to her.

She reads it, and is delighted to learn that he is in Wales (Cambria) at Milford-Haven. She begins to make plans to go there to see him, telling Pisanio to have her attendant woman pretend that she needs to go home to see her ailing father, and to get Imogen some inexpensive riding clothes.

Scene III

We go to Wales, and the cave where the banished lord Belarius lives with Cymbeline's two kidnapped sons, Guiderius and Arviragus, under other names: Belarius is Morgan, Guiderius is Polydore, and Arvirgus is Cadwal. Belarius is full of praise of the simple life, claiming that living in a cave makes one appreciate the skies above.

                                              The gates of monarchs 
Are arch'd so high that giants may jet through 
And keep their impious turbans on, without 
Good morrow to the sun. Hail, thou fair heaven!

Guiderius and Arviragus echo his salutation, "Hail, heaven!" though not, we suspect, with quite so much relish. When Belarius starts going on about how much nobler this pastoral life is than that of currying favor at court, Guiderius points out that since they've never been to court, they don't have much to compare with the life they've always known. Arviragus agrees:

                                             We have seen nothing: 
We are beastly: subtle as the fox for prey, 
Like warlike as the wolf for what we eat: 
Our valour is to chase what flies: our cage 
We make a quire, as doth the prison'd bird, 
And sing our bondage freely.

But Belarius says they're better off not having gone through what he did. His "body'd mark'd / With Roman swords," he says, and when he was a soldier he was a favorite of Cymbeline's. But then "two villains, whose false oaths prevail'd / Before my perfect honour, swore to Cymbeline / I was confederate with the Romans." And so he has lived in exile for twenty years.

Then he sends them off up into the hills to drive down the game, while he remains below in the valley to kill it. When they leave, he soliloquizes about how they don't know they are actually the sons of the king, whom he kidnapped when Guiderius was three and Arviragus was two, trying to deprive Cymbeline of an heir to the crown. They think that their nurse, Euriphile, who was his accomplice, was their mother, "And every day do honour to her grave," and that he is their father. He exits to pursue the game that the men have flushed.

Scene IV

Nearby, Pisanio and Imogen have arrived. She is hoping to see Posthumus soon, but Pisanio is forced to reveal the truth. He shows her the letter Posthumus sent to him, accusing her of having "played the strumpet in my bed," and commanding Pisanio to "let thine own hands take away her life." Thunderstruck, she nevertheless immediately suspects Iachimo of the slander. She denounces the falseness of men, though not quite as vehemently as Posthumus did that of women, and draws Pisanio's sword, ordering him to "take it, and hit / The innocent mansion of my love, my heart."

Pisanio refuses to do the deed, and she, echoing Hamlet, hesitates to commit suicide: "Against self-slaughter / There is a prohibition so divine / That cravens my weak hand." When Pisanio continues to refuse to kill her, she asks why he came all this way with her. He says it was "to win time / To lose so bad employment, in the which / I have consider'd of a course." He says he is sure that "some villain, / Ay, and singular in his art, hath done you both / This cursed injury." So he proposes to send Posthumus "Some bloody sign" that Imogen is dead.

He tells her that "th' ambassador, / Lucius the Roman, comes to Milford-Haven / To-morrow." He proposes that she disguise herself as a boy and find a way to join the service of Lucius, which will get her "near / The residence of Posthumus." Presumably she'll find a way once she gets to Rome to disabuse Posthumus of both her death and her infidelity. And finally, he gives her the box with the not-quite-fatal potion Cornelius had prepared for the Queen:

Here is a box, I had it from the queen, 
What's in't is precious: if you are sick at sea, 
Or stomach-qualm'd at land, a dram of this 
Will drive away distemper.

Scene V

Lucius is making his departure from court, apologizing "that I must report ye / My master's enemy," and requesting an escort to Milford-Haven. When he is gone, Cymbeline observes that Imogen hasn't made an appearance lately, and sends an attendant to summon her. The Queen notes that she has been withdrawn since Posthumus's banishment.

The attendant returns to report that Imogen's chambers are locked and no one answers when they knock on the door. Cloten also mentions that Pisanio hasn't been seen lately either. The Queen sends him off to look for Pisanio, then observes to herself that Pisanio has the drug she gave him, and hopes he has taken it. If Imogen is gone, all the better: "I have the placing of the British crown."

Cloten returns to say that it's evident Imogen is gone, and sends his mother to cheer up Cymbeline. When she's gone, he reflects on how he loves Imogen but hates her for "throwing favours on / The low Posthumus." Then Pisanio enters and Cloten challenges him: "Villain, / Where is thy lady?" Pisanio gives him the letter in which Posthumus claims he is in Milford-Haven. Cloten says he will reward Pisanio if he agrees to serve him. Pisanio says he will, so Cloten asks if he has any of the clothing Posthumus left behind. Pisanio agrees to fetch them, and while he's gone, Cloten vows, "With that suit upon my back, will I ravish her: first kill him, and in her eyes; there shall she see my valour, which will then be a torment to her contempt."

Pisanio returns with the clothes, and Cloten rushes off to put them on.

Scene VI

A weary Imogen, dressed as a boy, comes across Belarius's cave and, seeking food, enters it.

Scene VII

Belarius, Guiderius, and Arviragus return from the hunt with what they have killed, and discover Imogen in the cave. She explains that she was on her way to Milford-Haven to see "a kinsman who / Is bound for Italy," and that she was so hungry and tired she stopped to rest in the cave. Her name, she tells them, is Fidele. They welcome her, and in an aside she wishes "that they / Had been my father's sons," because then there would have been less pressure on her to marry someone who could inherit Cymbeline's throne, and thus less objection to her marrying Posthumus.

Scene VIII

Two Senators and a Tribune discuss the pending war between Rome and Britain.
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Act III of this 1982 BBC-TV production begins at about 1:05:06.

Richard Johnson as Cymbeline; Helen Mirren as Imogen; Michael Pennington as Posthumus; Claire Bloom as the Queen; Paul Jesson as Cloten; Robert Lindsay as Iachimo; John Kane as Pisanio; Hugh Thomas as Cornelius; Geoffrey Lumsden as Philario; Patsy Smart as Helen; Alan Hendrick as the Frenchman; Graham Cowden as Caius Lucius; Michael Gough as Belarius; Geoffrey Burridge as Guiderius; David Creedon as Arviragus; Marius Goring as Sicilius Leonatus: Michael Hordern as Jupiter

2. Cymbeline, by William Shakespeare, pp. 1-46

Act I 

Scene I

We open in Britain, at the palace of King Cymbeline, where two Gentlemen are discussing the news. Actually, the First Gentleman is reporting it, while the Second Gentleman just eggs him on with questions. Cymbeline's daughter has married "a poor but worthy gentleman," much to the king's displeasure: He had planned for her to marry his new wife's son. So he has banished the poor gentleman and imprisoned his daughter.

Everyone at court is upset at the banishment of the gentleman, one Posthumus Leonatus, who is well thought of. The First Gentleman comments, "I do not think / So fair an outward, and such stuff within / Endows a man, but he." His father, Sicilius, fought the Romans with Cymbeline's father, who bestowed on Sicilius the surname Leonatus. Sicilius died broken-hearted when his other two sons were killed in battle, and when his wife died giving birth, Cymbeline decided to raise the baby and called him Posthumus. Cymbeline had two sons of his own, but they were kidnapped from their nursery twenty years ago. Otherwise, he had only the daughter whom Posthumus has married.

Scene II

That daughter enters now. Her name, we will learn, is Imogen. Or maybe it's Innogen, which is the way the name is spelled in Holinshed and in Simon Forman's account of watching the play sometime before his death in 1611. There is also a reference to Innogen, Leonato's wife, in the 1600 quarto of Much Ado About Nothing, though she doesn't actually appear in the play. Given these facts, and the suggestive parallel of Innogen/Leonato with Imogen/Leonatus, many scholars have assumed that Shakespeare wrote "Innogen," and that a transcriber or typesetter misread his -nn- as an -m-. So you'll find the character called Innogen in some recent editions, such as The Oxford Shakespeare. Still, the mistake (if it was one) gave rise to a long theatrical tradition that's hard to break on speculative grounds. "Imogen" has the authority of the First Folio behind it, and out of respect to the late Imogene Coca and the town in Iowa named Imogene, I think we should stick with it.

Anyway, she enters now with her stepmother, the Queen, and Posthumus, who is getting ready for his exile. The Queen assures her that Imogen is not "After the slander of most stepmothers, / Evil-ey'd unto you," and tells Posthumus, "So soon as I can win th' offended king, / I will be known your advocate." Don't buy it for a moment. Imogen certainly doesn't, and when the Queen leaves, she refers to her assurances that she's on their side as "Dissembling courtesy!" She tells Posthumus that he had better hurry and leave, and he tells her that he is going to Rome, to a friend of his father's named Philario.

The Queen returns to tell them to hurry up, and in an aside lets us know that she has tipped off Cymbeline to their whereabouts. When she exits, Imogen gives Posthumus a diamond ring that belonged to her mother and tells him to "keep it till you woo another wife, / When Imogen is dead." He protests against such a morbid thought, and gives her a bracelet, "a manacle of love," in exchange.

They are discovered by the king, who orders Posthumus to be gone, and calls Imogen a "disloyal thing" who's making him age rapidly. She stands her ground and when he says she could have married "the sole son of my queen," replies, "I chose an eagle, / And did avoid a puttock." (I.e., a kite, a lesser bird in the hierarchy of raptors.) She says it's his "fault that I have lov'd Posthumus: / You bred him as my playfellow."

The Queen returns in the midst of this quarrel and tells them to calm down. Cymbeline storms off, and Pisanio, Posthumus's servant enters to report that the Queen's son -- his name, we'll learn, is Cloten -- drew his sword in a challenge to Posthumus, but that Posthumus "rather play'd than fought" and some gentlemen prevented the duel. Imogen expresses her scorn for Cloten, and asks why Pisanio hasn't gone with Posthumus. He tells her that Posthumus sent him to serve Imogen in his absence.

Scene III

Cloten and a pair of attendant lords discuss the set-to with Posthumus, the First Lord urging Cloten to change his shirt because "the violence of action hath made you reek," the Second Lord mocking Cloten in sarcastic asides. It's a brief scene that serves mainly to establish that Cloten is a fool and a braggart.

Scene IV

Pisanio has witnessed Posthumus's departure, and Imogen begs him for a fuller description of what he saw. Then she is summoned to the queen.

Scene V

We are in Rome, where Philario awaits Posthumus's arrival. With him are Iachimo, a Frenchman, a Dutchman, and a Spaniard, but the last two have no lines and are clearly superfluous to any staging of the play. Iachimo reports that he has seen Posthumus in Britain, where his reputation was growing, and asks why he is going to stay with Philario. "His father and I were soldiers together," Philario explains as Posthumus enters.

The Frenchman is already acquainted with Posthumus, having met him when he was a "young traveller" in Orleans. Posthumus and another Frenchman came close to fighting a duel because Posthumus had boasted that the woman he loved, namely Imogen, was "more fair, virtuous, wise, chaste, constant, qualified and less attemptable than any the rarest of our ladies in France."

The account of this earlier quarrel inspires Iachimo to provoke Posthumus to a wager. Noticing the diamond ring that Imogen gave Posthumus, Iachimo suggests that just as the ring might be stolen, so might "a cunning thief, or a (that way) accomplished courtier" steal away Posthumus's beloved's virtue. Posthumus assures him that he's not afraid of losing either his ring or Imogen. Iachimo persists: He will wager half his estate against Posthumus's ring that he can steal Imogen's virtue.

Philario tries to put an end to this bet: "Gentlemen, enough of this, it came in too suddenly, let it die as it was born, and I pray you be better acquainted." But Posthumus won't back down either: "My mistress exceeds in goodness the hugeness of your unworthy thinking. I dare you to this match: here's my ring." Iachimo accepts: "If I bring you no sufficient testimony that I have enjoy'd the dearest bodily part of your mistress, my ten thousand ducats are yours, so is your diamond too." Fine, says Posthumus, and if you don't seduce her, we'll have a sword because you dared insult her.

As they exit, the Frenchman asks if they are really going to go through with this bet, and Philario indicates that Iachimo isn't the type to back down on a wager.

Scene VI

Back in Britain, the Queen meets with a physician named Cornelius who gives her a box of drugs she has requested: "most poisonous compounds, / Which are the movers of a languishing death." She has been studying how to make perfumes and preservatives with Cornelius, and has asked for the chemicals because she wants to "try the forces / Of these thy compounds on such creatures as / We count not worth the hanging (but none human)."

When Pisanio enters, Cornelius reveals in an aside before he exits that he doesn't trust the Queen, and that the drugs he has given her will only "stupefy and dull the sense awhile," and that "there is / No danger in what show of death it makes, / More than the locking up the spirits a time, / To be more fresh, reviving." Meanwhile, the Queen is attempting to persuade Pisanio to help her get Imogen to accept Cloten as her lover, telling him she'll reward him whereas his current master, Posthumus, is a loser.

She gives Pisanio the box of drugs Cornelius brought her, claiming that it contains medicines "which hath the king / Five times redeem'd from death." When he has gone, she calls him "A sly and constant knave" who is loyal to Posthumus, so if he takes the drugs in the box, that will be one less person working to bring Imogen and Posthumus together. And if Imogen doesn't come around to her plan to unite her with Cloten, she'll "taste of" the drugs too.

Scene VII

Imogen soliloquizes about her sad lot: She has "A father cruel, and a step-dame false," and she has "A foolish suitor" in Cloten, even though she is already married. Moreover, her husband has been banished. She wishes she had been kidnapped like her brothers. Then Pisanio enters with Iachimo, whom he describes as "a noble gentleman of Rome," who "Comes from my lord with letters."

She welcomes and thanks Iachimo, who, while she reads her letter, comments in an aside on her beauty: "If she be furnish'd with a mind so rare, / She is alone th' Arabian bird; and I / Have lost the wager." So he has to come up with something quick.

When she is finished with the letter, Iachimo begins to rattle on in praise of her to the point that she finally asks, "Are you well?" Iachimo sends Pisanio away to check on his own manservant whom he describes as "strange and peevish." Imogen asks how Posthumus is doing, and Iachimo tells her he is "merry" and "gamesome" and is known as "The Briton reveller." This doesn't comport with her impression of Posthumous who "did incline to sadness." But Iachimo goes on in this vein, until he says he pities Imogen.

She is puzzled, and demands to know, "Why do you pity me?" She doesn't get a straight answer from him, however, until she insists, "discover to me / What both you spur and stop." So Iachimo tells her that if he had "this cheek / To bathe my lips upon," meaning hers, he wouldn't "Slaver with lips as common as the stairs / That mount the Capitol." He implies that he would be faithful to Imogen whereas Posthumus is consorting with prostitutes. He wouldn't be telling her this, he claims, "but 'tis your graces / That from my mutest conscience to my tongue / Charms this report out."

"Let me hear no more," Imogen urges. But he persists, urging her to "Be reveng'd" on Posthumus for his infidelity. She's astonished at the suggestion: "if it be true, / How should I be reveng'd?" Why, he says, how else but by loving him:

I dedicate myself to your sweet pleasure, 
More noble than that runagate to your bed, 
And will continue fast to your affection,
Still close as sure.

This is too much for Imogen, who calls out for Pisanio. She suddenly realizes what Iachimo is up to:

Away, I do condemn mine ears, that have 
So long attended thee. If thou wert honourable, 
Thou wouldst have told this tale for virtue, not 
For such an end thou seek'st, as base, as strange. 
Thou wrongst a gentleman, who is as far 
From thy report as thou from honour, and 
Solicits here a lady that disdains 
Thee, and the devil alike.

She'll tell the king what Iachimo is, she threatens, and calls out for Pisanio again.

But Iachimo wriggles out of the trap. "O happy Leonatus!" he says. He was just kidding around. Posthumus "is one / The truest manner'd," and he only told her all that "To try your taking of a false report." He begs her pardon, and she gives it.

Then, he says, he had really meant to ask a favor from her: He and Posthumus and "Some dozen Romans" have pooled their money to buy a gift for the emperor, and he needs to store it someplace safe. Well, says Imogen, what could be safer than my bedchamber? So Iachimo says he'll have the trunk in which the gift is stored sent to her room, "only for this night: / I must abroad to morrow." If she has a letter to send to Posthumus, she should do it tonight.

She says she'll write it tonight, and to have the trunk sent to her room.
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Cymbeline isn't performed a lot, but there is a BBC-TV production from 1982. The complete film appears below. 
Richard Johnson as Cymbeline; Helen Mirren as Imogen; Michael Pennington as Posthumus; Claire Bloom as the Queen; Paul Jesson as Cloten; Robert Lindsay as Iachimo; John Kane as Pisanio; Hugh Thomas as Cornelius; Geoffrey Lumsden as Philario; Patsy Smart as Helen; Alan Hendrick as the Frenchman; Michael Gough as Belarius; Geoffrey Burridge as Guiderius; David Creedon as Arviragus; Marius Goring as Sicilius Leonatus: Michael Hordern as Jupiter